Far below the surface of the Pacific Ocean, three quarters of a mile deep, lies the peak of an underwater mountain.  Rising 1.4 miles off the abyssal plains, Davidson Seamount, nearly 26 miles long and 8 miles wide, is one of the largest known seamounts in U.S. waters. Davidson contains an abundance of life including massive groves of large bubblegum corals and reefs of glass sponges.  Life is so abundant at the seamount, we proposed nearly a decade ago that Davidson Seamount with its dense aggregations of invertebrates may serve as source of many species to nearby canyons and rocky outcrops off the California coast.  Davidson may be a perfect habitat for many species allowing their populations to explode.  This Davidson Seamount cradle then may serve as source of migrating individuals into other less perfect habitats nearby.  This idea of Davidson as a biodiversity source was instrumental in getting Davidson added to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) in 2009.

A recent expedition by NOAA, MBNMS, and Nautilus, returned to Davidson Seamount.  And is typical of Davidson delivered with a spectacular display of life.   Over 1,000 individuals of the small sized octopus Muusoctopus robustus were caught on video hugging the rocks in a brooding position.  It is unclear why these octopuses are using the seamount as a nursery.  Higher currents around seamounts may bring more oxygenated waters.  The dense aggregations of other animals may provide abundant prey.  The crevasse, cracks, and rocky rubble of this old volcano may provide shelter from predators.

The post An Octopus Nursery Discovered on a Deep Underwater Mountain first appeared on Deep Sea News.

Just when you think you have the basics down, just when you show signs of getting comfortable with your zoology, a profound discovery is uncovered that will rewrite molluscan, larval ecology and invertebrate zoology texts. The Victorian era was a mad dash for naturalists as they observed and cataloged much of the animal diversity we know of today. But in the sea their treasure hunt was limited technologically. Only in the last 115 years, since the results of the Challenger expeditions were published, have been able to continuously characterize the deep fauna.

Between the 1850’s and 1870’s all known gastropod (including the pelagic sea angels, known as pteropods) larvae were discovered. In the intervening 125 years we thought we had a clear understanding of molluscan larval forms. Life at hydrothermal vents were discovered nearly by accident in the 1970’s. During the last 30-40 years many invertebrate texts have been rewritten and evolutionary relationships among marine organisms, shallow and deep alike, have either become more clear or more confounded with this rapid influx of new information. Larval forms from deep-sea animals are typically similar to shallow forms. With the recent discovery of a new larval type of the deep-sea vent gastropod Ifremeria nautilei, this rule is broken.

In a large collaborative effort between US and Japanese teams, Reynolds and colleagues uncover the first example of a free-swimming pre-veliger larva. This finding is an unique as the snail itself. Ifremeria contains bacteria in its enlarged gills that use hydrogen sulfide (i.e. rotten egg gas), and some may be able to utilize methane, as an energy source to fix carbon into what becomes food for the snail (called chemoautotrophy). This symbiosis is rare in gastropods, even rarer though is a chemoautotrophic snail that broods its larvae in its head-foot (see image below).

Anders Warén is a Swedish naturalist at the Royal Museum of Natural History in Stockholm who described this new snail, with his colleague Philippe Bouchet, nearly 20 years ago from a French expedition. Since the 1980s these two prolific malacologists have described the majority of the gastropod fauna from hydrothermal vents. Their thorough taxonomic and morphological work has generated a multitude of hypotheses which have birthed a very fruitful line of research into the evolution and physiology of these animals. Included among these discoveries is the discovery of the brood pouch in Ifremeria nautilei. Reynolds and colleagues honored Warén’s extensive contributions to science by denoting the novel larval form as Warén’s larvae*.

Warén’s larva is very different from the typical trochophore larvae of gastropods. As the authors state, even the most widely accommodating definition of a trochophore larva cannot be applied in this case. Among the key novelties of this larval form is a free-swimming pre-veliger stage, larval cuticle, swims with its posterior end forward. This discovery will certainly cause larval biologists to more closely at other deep-sea gastropods. Warén himself has confirmed a free-swimming pre-veliger stage in another closely related gastropod genus, Provanna. Therefore it appears that this novelty is not associated with just brooding or vent habitats although Reynolds and colleagues hypothesize that brooding larvae would be advantageous in this case:

The enhanced dispersal capacity afforded by this free-swimming stage would convey a significant advantage in the patchy and ephemeral habitats of the deep sea. Longer dispersal times increase the area that a larva can travel before it must settle, and thus the probability that a larva will encounter a suitable habitat patch. Encounter is a necessary precursor to larval detection of, and response to settlement cues. In any case, development of a novel mode of internal brooding in conjunction with planktonic early development is remarkable and challenges the assumption of similarity in life-history strategies between shallow-water marine species and their deep-water relatives.

Kyle C. Reynolds, Hiromi Watanabe, Ellen E. Strong, Takenori Sasaki, Katsuyuki Uematsu, Hiroshi Miyake, Shigeaki Kojima, Yohey Suzuki, Katsunori Fujikura, Stacy Kim, & Craig M. Young (2010). New Molluscan Larval Form: Brooding and Development in a Hydrothermal Vent Gastropod, Ifremeria nautilei (Provannidae) Biological Bulletin, 219 (1), 7-11

* Knowing Anders personally and having many fantastic discussions with him over the last 5 years, it my distinct pleasure to announce this prestigious honor on Deep Sea News. In addition to being a terrific scientist, he is a wonderful person with an amazing natural curiosity.

The post First New Snail Larval Form Discovered Since 1878 first appeared on Deep Sea News.

See the paper here:
Paczolt KA, Jones AG (2010) Post-copulatory sexual selection and sexual conflict in the evolution of male pregnancy. Nature 464:401-404. doi:10.1038/nature08861

The post The Dark Side of Male Pregnancy first appeared on Deep Sea News.