2. One Fish. Two Fish. Red Fish… No Fish.

3. Snow Caps Cones for Everyone.

4. Too Many Lionfish on the Dance Floor.

5. I See Deadzones.

6. No Escape from Plastic Monstas.

7. Where Have All the Coral Reefs Gone and Where are all the Cod?

8. Goodness Gracious, Great Plumes of Oil…and Mercury…and all that other crap we put in the sea.

9. I’m all alone and there’s no zooxanthellae inside me.

10. Fin.

The post 10 Reasons Why the Ocean’s Struggle is Real first appeared on Deep Sea News.

My good colleague Dr. Bruce Carlson just uploaded a very nice short YouTube video about a reef blenny called Exallias brevis.  Exallias is fairly special (but by no means unique) not just because it’s quite the looker, but because it is a coral predator.  Like many blennies it has a mouth that points down (subterminal) and a row of comb like teeth, but unlike most blennies, which use these for cropping algae, Exallias scrapes them across the coral surface, rasping off any tissue that cannot be withdrawn into the cup of any individual polyp.  There’s a really nice freeze frame of this in the video.  It seems that grazing scars caused by Exallias may have been misinterpreted by some folks as a form of “multifocal bleaching” and there’s some active work happening right now to determine to what degree multifocal  bleaching is a real disease issue and how much is the effects of Exallias.  Either way, it’s a fascinating little fish and an interesting case study that not everything is as it seems in the ocean.

The post TGIF – Exallias brevis, a very special fish first appeared on Deep Sea News.

PhD GRADUATE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY IN CORAL BLEACHING AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

Desired (but not required) qualifications:

• MSc in Marine Science, Geology, Biology, or any physical science.  Exceptional applicants without an MSc will also be considered.
• Experience in isotope biogeochemistry, organic chemistry, or relevant coursework
• Tropical fieldwork experience or coral aquaculture experience
• The successful candidate must be accepted into the graduate program
• in the School of Earth Sciences at The Ohio State University

The position starts in September 2011 and includes four years of support.  Please submit applications electronically by following the instructions here.

Indicate that you would like to study with Dr. Grottoli in your application.  In addition, send a complete copy of your application materials as a single .pdf file to Dr. Andrea G. Grottoli at grottoli.1@osu.edu (Note: File should contain copy of your research statement, a cover letter, resume, GRE scores, the names and contact information of three references, and a list of relevant course with grades).  Please indicate “Graduate student application” in the subject line.

Follow this link for more information on Dr. Grottoli’s research program.

Application deadline is 5 January 2011.  OSU is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer.

The post Graduate Research Opportunity in Coral Bleaching and Ocean Acidification first appeared on Deep Sea News.

And to end you day on a uber-depressing note, sure to give you at least some nightmares

Scientists studying Caribbean reefs say that 2010 may be the worst year ever for coral death there. Abnormally warm water since June appears to have dealt a blow to shallow and deep-sea corals that is likely to top the devastation of 2005, when 80% of corals were bleached and as many as 40% died in areas on the eastern side of the Caribbean.

And if that didn’t do it

“What is clear, though, is that the warmest 12-month period in the GISS analysis was reached in mid-2010.”

Want to help? Start helping to convince people the ocean is worth saving.

via NASA GISS: Research News: How Warm Was Summer 2010?. (Great read with fantastic maps)

via Caribbean Coral Die-Off Could Be Worst Ever.

The post Caribbean Coral Die-Off Could Be Worst Ever first appeared on Deep Sea News.

When you’re in the biodiversity conservation biz for any significant length of time, you inevitably develop a thick skin to grim pronouncements of ecosystem collapse from the scientific community.  It’s a coping mechanism.   Coral reef conservation, in particular, is not a place for overly delicate sorts.  Nary a week passes without some fresh obituary being written about reefs.  And this week is no exception. But even this news gave me pause.

A paper published September 29 in Environmental Research Letters by a group of international scientists from seven European research centers has found that even if nations would agree to a 50% reduction of emission levels by 2050 there would still only be a less than 50% chance to keep global warming below 2 º C.

The authors, who first pointed out the paltry emissions targets last Spring, argue that if national emissions targets are not revised to more aggressive levels that limit global warming below 2 º C (and even more preferably 1.5º C), a global temperature increase of up to 4.2 º C  could become reality by 2100.

And what are the climatic impacts under this scenario?  In a word,  “catastrophic” for coral reefs:

“Rising global average temperature levels are not the only possible “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. For example, increasing atmospheric CO2 levels cause increasing ocean acidification and will adversely impact marine ecosystems (Doney et al 2009, Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno 2010). A recent study (Veron et al 2009) defines an atmospheric CO2 concentration of below 350 ppm CO2 as a long term safe limit needed for coral reefs, while a CO2 concentration of 450 ppm CO2 would cause reefs to be in rapid and terminal decline. Silverman et al (2009) indicate furthermore that coral reefs cease to grow and start dissolving at 560 ppm CO2. Both in Arctic (Steinacher et al 2009) and Antarctic (McNeil and Matear 2008) oceans, aragonite undersaturation – causing calcium carbonate shells beginning to dissolve – is projected to occur at atmospheric concentration levels of 450 ppm CO2. For Case 1 and without a 2050 target, median estimates would exceed the 450 ppm CO2 threshold in approximately 2030. The 560 ppm CO2 threshold is very likely exceeded by the end of this century. Even for Case 2 (with a global 2050 target and exponential decline afterwards), estimated likely CO2 levels (408 to 475 ppm CO2) would imply a rapid decline of coral reefs and arctic aragonite undersaturation during the 21st century. Continuous mitigation effort through the entire century and beyond will be necessary to return atmospheric CO2 concentrations to a level considered safe for marine ecosystems.”

As I’ve written about before, increased atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gas levels will create a 1-2 punch to reef-building corals.  First, elevated sea surface temperatures will lead to more frequent and widespread mass coral bleaching events as are now happening throughout the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean.  Second, the creeping yet insidious threat of more acidic oceans from CO2 saturation in seawater will begin dissolving existing solid reef architecture as well as make new coral recruitment difficult to impossible.  These climate-driven global threats to coral reefs are on top of more localized threats such as destructive fishing practices, coastal development, and recreational impacts to reefs.

And the potential impacts will extend much further than just coral reefs.  We all receive direct or indirect benefits from healthy coral reef ecosystems.  Most of these ecosystem services are driven by the incredible biodiversity found on coral reefs.  Estimates show that reefs are home to 25% of ocean species.  Healthy reefs provide the primary source of protein to over 1 billion people globally.  Healthy reefs protect coastal areas from the severe impacts of hurricanes and other storms.  Fifty percent of all current cancer research is exploring the benefits of chemical compounds isolated from species found on coral reefs.  And coastal tourism in coral reef destinations is the backbone of many national economies, generating 27 times more income than global fisheries combined.

If coral reefs collapse, the life support system of many nations collapse as well.  What we collectively might face is a humanitarian crisis of unprecedented proportion.

So how did we get to this precipice?  By one step at a time.

In December 2009 in Copenhagen, representatives of 193 governments gathered at the 15th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP15) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The conference resulted in the ‘Copenhagen Accord’ which was negotiated as part of a closed negotiating segment by 26 nations.

In the Accord, Parties

“[…] agree that deep cuts in global emissions are required according to science, […] with a view to reduce global emissions so as to hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius” and hereby preventing “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”.

But as the authors of today’s paper point out, the Copenhagen Accord and the pledges made under it reveals weak national ambition levels and represents  a set of dissonant ambitions,

The ambition level of the current pledges for 2020 and the lack of commonly agreed goals for 2050 place in peril the Accord’s own ambition: to limit global warming to below 2°C.  […] the net effect of current Accord pledges would globally not stimulate any actions beyond those which were already in place before COP15.

Complicating matters further, as the Copenhagen Accord has no legally-binding character, parties can add, modify or withdraw their submitted emissions limit pledges or actions without any restriction.

For reference and and as a reminder, developed countries such as the USA and the European Union have indeed set their CO2 emissions targets very low, aiming at reaching emission levels just a few percent lower than 1990 levels by 2020.  If other nations were hoping to take a cue on their own climate change decision-making based on US or the EU leadership, special interests and the climate change denialist nuts have effectively gummed up that possibility.  Only Japan and Norway are aiming to drastically reduce their emission to 25% and 30 to 40% below 1990 levels respectively.

[As a loosely-related aside, Japan and Norway, both active whaling nations, could take a more significant step towards their climate commitments and be true global climate change leaders by leaving a few more whales alive in the oceans.  But that’s an ocean obituary story for another day.]

So, should I hang up my hat and look into hitching my conservation wagon to a winner like manatees or sea otters?

Not quite yet, suggest the authors,

“With the negotiation mandates having been extended to the end of 2010, committing to higher ambitions and agreement by all Parties still remains possible.”

As the authors indicate, higher ambitions for 2020 are needed to still keep the possibility for a 2°C and 1.5°C warming limit alive. They also point out that Accord nations need to establish a meaningful and unambiguous mid-century emission goal as a metric by which to monitor decadal progress towards that goal.

The next meeting of the UN Conference of the Parties (COP16) is scheduled for early December in Cancun, Mexico.  The irony that COP16 will be meeting in a coral reef destination and region which relies upon healthy reefs for their survival is not lost on me.  I hope it is not lost on the COP16 delegates.

Joeri Rogelj, Claudine Chen, Julia Nabel, Kirsten Macey, William Hare, MichielSchaeffer, Kathleen Markmann, Niklas Höhne, Katrine Krogh Andersen and Malte Meinshausen (2010). Analysis of the Copenhagen Accord pledges and its global climatic impacts – a snapshot of dissonant ambitions Environmental Research Letters, 5 (4)

The post Not Good Enough: Copenhagen Accord May Doom Coral Reefs first appeared on Deep Sea News.